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Why Malta Closed Its Citizenship-by-Investment Program

Bruna BarretoBy CEO — Bruna Barreto 10 Aug 2026

The decision that changed the European citizenship-by-investment map

On 29 April 2025, the Court of Justice of the European Union issued a landmark ruling in Case C-181/23: it declared that Malta's citizenship-by-investment program was incompatible with European law. The decision was not a complete surprise — the European Commission had initiated infringement proceedings against Malta in 2022 — but its consequences were immediate and definitive. In July 2025, Malta formalised the closure with the adoption of Act XXI of 2025.

The legal argument: citizenship is not a commercial transaction

The CJEU based its decision on a principled argument: European citizenship is inseparable from national citizenship, and member states cannot treat their citizenship as a commercialisable commodity without requiring a genuine connection to the country. Malta's program, in the Court's assessment, allowed citizenship to be obtained primarily on the basis of a financial investment, without the applicant having an effective and authentic connection to Malta. In doing so, Malta was commercialising European Union citizenship — which the Court considered contrary to the principle of mutual sincerity between member states and the foundations of European citizenship.

What the Court said in summary: European citizenship cannot be purchased. It can be acquired by birth, through family ties, through prolonged residency with a genuine connection to the country — but not exclusively through a financial transfer to the state.

What existed: the MEIN program

The Maltese program that closed was the MEIN (in its final version, known as Citizenship by Naturalisation for Exceptional Services by Direct Investment — CES). It required a minimum government contribution of €600,000 (or €750,000 for those opting for a shorter timeline), the purchase or rental of property in Malta, and a donation to an approved Maltese organisation. The process lasted between 12 and 36 months and resulted in full European citizenship, with a Maltese passport.

What Malta offers now

Following the closure of the investment program, Malta introduced two alternatives:

Citizenship by Merit (Act XXI of 2025): citizenship granted on a discretionary basis to those who demonstrate exceptional contributions to Malta in areas such as science, innovation, arts, culture, entrepreneurship, or other fields aligned with Malta's Vision 2050 strategy. There is no minimum investment — there is a qualitative assessment. It is an instrument for truly exceptional cases, not a general access program.

Malta Permanent Residency Programme (MPRP): permanent residency-by-investment program, with a minimum of €150,000. It grants permanent residency in Malta, not citizenship. The path to citizenship through standard naturalisation requires effective residency for a period of five years.

What this means for those who had the Maltese program under consideration

For those who were considering the Maltese program as a path to a European passport, the 2025 decision definitively closes that door. In 2026, no European Union country offers direct citizenship by investment. For those seeking a European passport through investment, the available path now runs through residency-by-investment programs (such as the Portuguese Golden Visa) and subsequent naturalisation — which implies a longer time horizon.

Broader implications: the EU is tightening the framework

The CJEU's decision on Malta is not an isolated case. The European Parliament has repeatedly pressed for the elimination or severe restriction of citizenship and residency-by-investment programs across the EU, citing concerns about money laundering, tax evasion, and security risks. Malta and Cyprus closed their citizenship programs. Spain abolished its Golden Visa. The regulatory trend within the European Union clearly moves toward making these programs more restrictive or eliminating them — which makes the current moment relevant for those considering their position.

Looking for European residency alternatives after Malta closed?

The Portuguese Golden Visa remains one of the few active European programs. Our team can help you understand what is available and what fits your investment profile.