Golden Visa · Citizenship Timeline

Portuguese Citizenship with Golden Visa After 2026: Timeline

Bruna BarretoBy CEO — Bruna Barreto September 2026

The question everyone asks — and the answer that changed

Before May 2026, the answer was: with the Golden Visa, an investor could apply for Portuguese citizenship after 5 years of legal residency. It was one of the most commonly used selling points in the residency-by-investment market. That answer is no longer true.

Under Lei Orgânica n.º 1/2026, in force since 19 May 2026, the naturalization timeline now depends on your nationality:

  • CPLP and EU citizens: 7 years of legal residency in Portugal
  • All other nationalities: 10 years of legal residency in Portugal

When does the clock start, exactly?

This is the point that generates the most confusion — and has very significant practical implications. The law is clear: the clock runs from the date of issuance of the first residence permit (the physical AIMA card). It does not run from:

  • The date you made the investment
  • The date you submitted the application to AIMA
  • The date AIMA validated your file
  • The date you were approved for biometrics

Only from the date the card was issued.

Why does this matter so much? In 2022–2024, the time between investment and card issuance exceeded 24 months in many cases. An investor who invested in January 2022 and waited 20 months for their card (issued in September 2023) only starts the naturalization clock in September 2023 — and can apply in September 2030 (7 years, if CPLP) or September 2033 (10 years). More than 8 and 11 years after the initial investment, respectively.

How long does it take in practice — from decision to passport

For a realistic estimate of the total time between the decision to invest and obtaining a Portuguese passport, several timelines must be added:

  • Preparation and application submission: 2 to 6 weeks
  • AIMA validation: 2 to 4 months
  • Biometrics scheduling and attendance: 6 to 10 months
  • Card issuance: approximately 90 days after biometrics
  • Total to first card: typically 12 to 18 months
  • Naturalization period (from card): 7 years (CPLP/EU) or 10 years (others)
  • IRN naturalization application processing: variable (currently months to years)

The realistic total for an American citizen starting the process today is approximately 12 to 13 years between the decision to invest and receiving a European passport — under normal processing circumstances.

Who is protected under the prior regime (5 years)

Article 7(2) of Lei Orgânica n.º 1/2026 protects investors who submitted a naturalization application to the IRN on or before 18 May 2026. These continue under the 5-year regime.

For those who already had legal residency but had not yet filed the application with the IRN before that date, the legal position is less clear. This is precisely the group driving the ongoing legal challenge.

Ways to shorten the timeline

Even under the new law, there are ways to reduce the total timeline:

  • CPLP citizens: automatically benefit from the 7-year timeline. If you are not from the CPLP, analyse whether there is a CPLP country citizenship you could obtain first (see legal note: this strategy requires individual verification).
  • Marriage to a Portuguese citizen: the naturalization timeline through marriage is 3 years — independent of the 2026 law.
  • Citizenship by descent: if you have Portuguese grandparents or great-grandparents, you may qualify for citizenship by descent with no residency requirement and not subject to the new timelines.
  • Maximising residency time: although the Golden Visa requires only 7 days per year, increasing effective presence in Portugal does not accelerate the naturalization timeline (which runs from the card, not accumulated presence).

Is the wait worth it?

It depends on what you are seeking. For those who want European residency without changing their life, the Golden Visa remains one of the most flexible options available. For those who want European citizenship in the shortest possible time, the Golden Visa has become a less competitive option than it was before May 2026 — and the comparison with programs such as Greece (7 years of effective residency) or Malta (MPRP plus naturalization) deserves careful consideration.

Need to recalculate your citizenship timeline after the 2026 law?

The new timelines affect each investor differently depending on when they invested, when they received their card, and their nationality. Our team can help you map your specific situation.